NOUN CLAUSE

NOUN CLAUSES

            Noun clause is a clause (ie subject and verb) is used as a noun. Noun clause in the sentence is generally used as subject and object of the sentence.

Noun clauses can be initiated by:

     Question word or relative pronoun question whether a single word or phrase:
         Single question word (ie when, how, what, ect.).
         Question word + determiner / noun / adjective / adverb.
         Question word + infinitive.
     Conjunction (i.e. whether and if).
     That or the fact that.

1.      Single questions words

In How to Address Questions were discussed about the use of the word good in making the information asked questions as well as in making the embedded questions. Embedded questions are noun clause. In this section provided additional examples to refresh your memory.

Example :

1.       Where she is now is still unknown

2.       They arrive when is still uncertain

3.       I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer are two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt. Note: in this sentence, noun clause what you did last summer became the object of I know and I still know, and when combined with: two Hollywood movies are starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt, a compound subject of the sentence.

2.      Question words + ever /soever

Except how, at the end of question words can ever or soever be added Whenever = whensoever, whatever = whatsoever, and so on. Meaning here ever or soever the same, that it / was, living combined with a question word in front of him. Meanwhile, how + ever be however (ie adverb or also called transition words that mean yet / even if the case) are not included in this category.

Example :

1.       We will accept whatever you want us to do. (We will accept / do whatever you want us to do).

2.       Whoever can melt her feeling is a very lucky guy. (melt = melt). Be careful: guy (pronounced gae) = men, while gay (read gei) = fag = homosexual.

3.        She has Agreed to Wherever the man would bring her. (He has agreed to take him wherever he goes). Note: in speaking (informal), preposition (in this case to, etc.) Is usually placed at the end of the sentence. She has Agreed Wherever the man would bring her to.

3.Question words+nouns

Question words + nouns that are used among other things: what time (time), what day (any day), what time (time), what kind (kind), what type (what type), Whose + nouns (ie Whose car, Whose book, ect.), and so on.

Example :

1.      I can not remember what day we will take the exam.

2.       As long as I am faithful, she does not care what type of family I come from. (= loyal faithful).

3.      Do you know what time it is?

4.      I do not know Whose car is parked in front of my house.

4.Question words + adjectives

Question + words frequently used adjectives such as: how long (how long / long), how far (how far), how old (how old / aged), ect.

Example :

1.      Man! She still looks young. Do you know how old she actually is?

2. I am lost. Could you tell me how far it is from here to the post office?
3. What a jerk. He didn’t even ask how long I had been waiting for him.

5.Question words + determiners

Question determiners + words frequently used are: how many (how many) and how much (how much). Remember: how many plural nouns followed by, while how much was followed by uncountable nouns.

Example :

1. Is there any correlation between how good he or she is in English and how many books he or she has?
2. How much your English skill will improve is determined by how hard you practice.

6.Question words + adverbs

Question words + adverbs are often used is: how Often (how often), how many times (how many times) ect.

Example :

1.       I do not want my parents to know how many times I have left school early. (leave school early = absent).

7.Question words + infinitives

If the question was immediately followed by infinitives words, it implies invinitives should or can / could. Note that the subject after the question words omitted.

Exercise           :

1.      Last week, our cat gave birth to a litter of kittens, but we didn't know where________

a.       Is our cat

b.      Our cat was

c.       Our cat is

d.      Was our cat

Answer      : B

2.      She needs to find new homes for them, but she doesn’t know whom ________

a.       Should she ask

b.      She should ask

c.       She ask

d.      She asks

Answer      : B

3.      One mother told her son, “_______ is daily care. Can you give that?”

a.       That a pet needs

b.      Which a pet needs

c.       What a pet needs

d.      Whether a pet needs

Answer      : C

4.      “Adopting a kitten depends on _______ the ability to care for it.”

a.       Have you

b.      That have you

c.       Whether you have

d.      You have

Answer      : C

5.      Of course, the child agreed.   Is it possible ________ the child would not agree?

a.       What

b.      If

c.       Whether or not

d.      That

Answer      : D

Source : http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/nounclausequiz.html

            http://swarabhaskara.com/parts-of-speech/noun-clauses/

CONJUNCTIONS

CONJUNCTIONS

Or connector or a conjunction or conjunctive is a word used to connect / combine the word with another word, phrase with another phrase, or clause to another clause. There are three types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and subordinating conjunctions.

1.     COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Conjuctions is used to combine the word with another word, phrase by phrase combines the other, or sentences with other sentences. Linked by the conjunction of this type should be a similar sentence elements, for example: subject + subject, verb phrase + verb phrase, sentence + sentence.
There are seven coordinating conjunctions are: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. To make it easier to remember trying to use this acronym: Fanboys; F for for, A for and, N for Minor, and so on.

Example

1. The boy keeps the lights on, for he is afraid of sleeping in the dark. (The boy left the light on because he was afraid to sleep in the dark)
2. He has one good dictionary and at least 3 good English books. (He's got a good dictionary and at least three good books in English
3. She is a vegetarian. She will not eat beef, nor will she eat chicken. (He's a vegetarian. He will not eat beef, he also will not eat chicken)
4. She is cute but evil. (She was beautiful but evil).
5. Do you want to go with me or to stay home? (Do you want to join me or stay home).

2.      Paired conjunctions/Correlative conjunctions

Conjunctions also incorporates elements of the sentence as above. The difference is always used in pairs.

both…and	either…or
not only…but also	neither…nor

Example:

1. Both my sister and my brother can play the guitar. My sister and my brother can both play the guitar).

2.      He is not only handsome but also smart. (He is not only gorgeous but also smart). Note: if not only placed at the beginning of a sentence, do the inversion of the auxiliary / be / do, does, did the next subject of the sentence. So this phrase can also be written: Not only is he handsome but also smart.

3. Either the students or the teacher is going to go to the museum tomorrow. (Both students and teachers will go to the museum tomorrow).
4. Neither John, Sussie nor I have a good studying habits. (Both John, Sussie and I do not have good study habits). Perhaps, learning only if there is a test

3).  Subordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjuctions are words that can be used to form adverbial clause (which is generally a clause / subordinate clause) of the principal sentence (main clause). The number of conjunctions of this type are very numerous and in general are adverbs. The conjunction of this type can be grouped into 5, which states that the conjunction of time (time), causal (cause and effect), opposite meanings (Opposition), goals (purpose), and conditional (conditional).

A.      Used to denote the time (time).

TIME
after (setelah)	till (hingga/sampai)	the first time (pertama kali)
before (sebelum)	as soon as (segera setelah)	the second time (kedua kali)
when (ketika)	once (segera setelah)	the last time (terakhir kali)
while (sementara)	as long as (sepanjang)	the next time (kali berikut)
as (sementara)	so long as (sepanjang)	by the time
since (sejak)	whenever (setiap kali)
until (hingga/sampai)	every time (setiap kali)

Example:

1. We will play football after we finish doing the homework. (We will play ball after we finished doing homework).
2. Before They got married last month, They had been seeing each other for almost ten years. (Before they were married last month, they have been dating for almost 10 years).

3.      When I got home last night, someone was Trying to break into my house. (When I got home last night, someone is trying to break into my house). Note: Break into = go is usually as mean-spirited, ie like stealing, ect.)

B.      Used to express causality (cause-effect).

CAUSE OF
because (karena)	inasmuch as (karena)	so…that (sehingga)
since (karena)	now that (karena sekarang)	such …that (sehingga)
as (karena)

Example:

1. Because he got an accident he drove while he was drunk. (He had an accident because he was driving while intoxicated).
2. That I passed the course easily since the questions were very easy. (I passed the course with ease as a matter-because very easy).
3. Now that the half is finished, I am going to rest for a few days and then take a trip to Bali. (Because now the semester is over, I will be resting for a few days later a trip to Bali).

C.      To express the opposite meaning (Opposition).

meaning the opposite.
although (walaupun	even though (walaupun)	while (sedangkan)
though (walaupun)	whereas (sedangkan)	no matter (tidak memandang)

Example:

1. Although he is not tall, he is a very good volleyball player. (Although he was not tall, he's a football player who was great volleyball).
2. Jenny is rich, whereas Joni is poor. (Richer while the poor Jenny Joni).
3. No matter how hard I tried, the math problems couldn’t be solved. (Not looked at how hard I try, math problems that can not be resolved / completed).

D.      To state the purpose (purpose).

purpose
in order to (agar)	in order (that) (agar)	so that (agar)

Example:

1. During the class, we need to be quiet in order to be able to listen to what the teacher says.
2. I turned off the TV so that my roommate could study well.

E.       To state the assumption (conditional).

Example:

1.      If my parents were not home, I would invite my friends to come over. (if my parents are not home, I will invite my friends to come to the house).

Exercise

2.      Things were different _____ I was young.

Answer        : Things were different when I was young

3.       I do it _____ I like it.

Answer        : I do it because I like it

4.       Let us wait here _____ the rain stops.

Answer        : Let us wait here until the rain stops.

Source : http://swarabhaskara.com/parts-of-speech/conjunctions/

                http://www.myenglishgrammar.com/english/exercise-9-conjunctions.html